From conventional to direct recycling: the next industrial shift in battery circularity

Battery recycling in Europe is entering a decisive phase. While conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical routes have enabled initial industrial deployment, increasing volumes, cost pressure and regulatory demands are driving the search for more efficient and value-retaining solutions. This presentation reviews the current state of the art in lithium-ion battery recycling, comparing established processes with emerging direct recycling approaches that aim to preserve cathode functionality and reduce environmental impact. Particular attention will be given to technological readiness, scalability challenges and economic feasibility. The session will also highlight CARTIF’s work in advancing direct recycling strategies toward industrial implementation.